<p>The Bucksport Railroad Station is a historic railroad station on Main Street in Bucksport, Maine. The station was built in 1874 by the European and North American Railway, and is one of a small number of surviving rural railroad stations in Maine. It is now home to the Bucksport Historical Society Museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The station is a rectangular wood frame structure, 1-1/2 stories in height, with a gable roof that has extended eaves and gables supported by knee brackets. The exterior is sheathed in clapboards, and the building rests on a granite foundation. The long southern facade originally faced a railroad platform, and is organized into seven bays. The leftmost (western) bay provided a window for the ticket office, the next four bays housed windows and a door for the passenger waiting area, and the last two bays housed a window and a wide door for the freight area. The northern facade, facing Main Street, is similarly arranged, except the ticket office door is in the bay furthest west. The narrow ends of the building both have three windows, two in the first level and one in the half story.</p><br>
<p>The European and North American Railway (E&NR) was founded in 1851 with the objective of providing rail service between Portland, Maine and Canso, Nova Scotia as a means of shortening sea travel times between North America and Europe, and to facilitate the movement of goods between the various colonies of British North America (now Canada). The principal line intended to provide this service ran via Bangor, and the company in the early 1870s built a narrow-gauge spur line to Bucksport in response to a local petition. This station was built in 1874 to serve this line. The E&NR failed a few years later, and the route was locally operated until it was consolidated into the Maine Central Railroad in 1884. The station is now home to the Bucksport Historical Society, which has offices and a museum on the premises.</p><br>
<p>Yarmouth station of Yarmouth, Maine, is located on the east side of the railroad tracks, just south of Maine State Route 115, the town&#39;s Main Street. The railroad station was built in 1906 by the Grand Trunk Railroad, and is a well-preserved example of an early 20th-century passenger rail depot, an increasingly rare sight in the state. The building, which is now in commercial use, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 10, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Yarmouth&#39;s former Grand Trunk station stands just south of SR 115, on the east side of the Maine Central Railroad tracks. (The Amtrak Downeaster service between Portland and Brunswick runs on the Boston and Maine Railroad line, which crosses this track just to the north. It does not stop in Yarmouth.) The station is a single-story wood-frame structure, set on a high granite block foundation. It has a hip roof and clapboard siding, and is roughly rectangular in shape, with small projecting sections on the either side, and a semicircular northern end. The roof has extended eaves, in a form typical of many railroad stations, with the eaves supported by large decoratively-cut brackets.</p><br>
<p>The station was built in 1906 by the Grand Trunk Railway as a passenger depot on its line between Portland and Montreal. (There were three lines in total at the time of the stations construction.) It is architecturally unique in Maine, particularly for its high granite base, apsoidal curved end, and departure from more traditional Stick style architecture. The Yarmouth Village Improvement Society purchased the station from the Grand Trunks successor Canadian National Railway for $500 in 1968 to save it from demolition. It housed a florist until February 2018, when it was put on the market for $165,000. It is now occupied by a branch of Gorham Savings Bank.</p><br>
<p>The apsidal form of its northern end is found in no other Maine station. The waiting room for the station stood on the land now occupied by Hancock Lumber (formerly Yarmouth Market) and Bank of America, as denoted by a plaque in the flowerbed of the properties.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Railroad Company Substation, now the Scarborough Historical Museum, is a former power substation of the Portland Railroad Company, a trolley service provider, at 649 United States Route 1 in Scarborough, Maine. The station was built in 1911, and is one of the few trolley-related facilities surviving in the state. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 22, 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Portland Railroad Company Substation is located in southwestern Scarborough (the area known as Dunstan Corner), on the north side of US 1, at the back of a parking lot separating the Scarborough Fire Station and Alger Hall, the local Masonic lodge. The building consists of a single-story front section, and a taller, yet also single-story, rear section. Both parts are built out of brick, and have shallow-pitch gabled roofs. The front facade is three bays wide, with sash windows in segmented-arch openings flanking a larger central bay. That bay originally housed a large equipment entrance with tall double doors, but has been infilled with a pedestrian entrance flanked by sidelights and paneling, and topped by a broad transom window. Original pedestrian entrances (some now closed off) were located on the southwest and northeast sides of the front block, and also in the larger rear section. The interior of the building has no original equipment related to its use as an electrical power substation, and now houses exhibits of the Scarborough Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1911 as a power substation for the Saco Division of the Portland Railroad Company, a trolley operator in southern Maine. It is the best preserved building from the state&#39;s period when it had an extensive light rail network, most of the others having been either demolished or substantially altered for other purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Frenchville Railroad Station and Water Tank are a historic railroad museum property in Frenchville, Maine. The station and water tank were built in 1910 by the Bangor & Aroostook Railroad  and were added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 20, 1995. The station was retired in 1971. The water tower became obsolete in 1958 when the diesel locomotive replaced the steam locomotive. The Town of Frenchville purchased the water tank from Bangor & Aroostook Railroad and used it as a water reservoir for the fire department until 1981. The Frenchville Historical Society took over maintenance of the site in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Frenchville Railroad Station is located between United States Route 1 and the railroad tracks of the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad, west of the junction of US 1 and Maine State Route 162. The station is a small rectangular wood frame building with a broadly-overhanging gable roof and weatherboard siding. The building is divided into three sections: a central agent&#39;s room, a freight area to the east, and a passenger area to the west. The inside walls are finished with pine wainscoting and decorative metal, which is continued onto the ceiling. The station was built c. 1910 by the B&A, and remained in service until 1971.</p><br>
<p>Immediately east of the station is a short isolated section of track, on which stands a caboose. It is 51 ft in length, and was built by the Pullman Company as a troop transport car in December 1943. It was acquired by the B&A in 1949 and refitted as a caboose, remaining in service until 1981. It was donated to the Frenchville Historical Society in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the caboose stands a green water tower, about 40 ft high and 20 ft in diameter. It has an octagonal wooden base sheathed in weatherboard and set on a concrete pad. The tank is supported by a heavy timber frame, and is structurally reinforced by fifteen steel rods. The structure is topped by a polygonal roof. It was built c. 1910, and served the railroad as a water source for its steam engines until 1958, when the line was converted to diesel power. The town purchased the tank, and used it as a water reservoir for its fire department until 1981. Its maintenance was taken over by local citizens in 1985, and it is now owned by the Frenchville Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Oakfield Station is a historic former passenger rail station on Station Street in Oakfield, Maine. The station was built in 1911 by the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad, and is a major reminder of Oakfield&#39;s onetime importance as a railroad center. The station is home to the Oakfield Railroad Museum which is operated by the Oakfield Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 25, 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Oakfield Station is located adjacent to the railroad tracks formerly of the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad, at the end of Station Street, south of the town&#39;s rural village center. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, nine bays in length and a single room deep, set on a modern concrete foundation. It has a gable-on-hip roof, where there are half-round windows and exposed rafters in the gable ends. The main facade faces southeast toward the track, with an off-center projecting bay topped by a gable with bracketed eave and lunette window. This projection has two sash windows on its main wall, and narrow sash windows on its sides. A pair of doorways are located east of the bay, along with some windows. The main roof has deep eaves with long thin brackets, and breezeway connects the main building to a tool shed. The interior is divided into three rooms, two of which retain original pressed tin paneling on the walls.</p><br>
<p>The station was built in 1911 by the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad, and served as a passenger depot until rail service was discontinued on the line in 1961. It was moved about 100 yd from its original location in 1941 to accommodate changes in a local grade crossing. The building was given to the Oakfield Historical Society in 1986, and has undergone restoration and adaptation for use as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Mumford House is located on Leedsville Road  in the Town of Amenia, New York, United States. It is a white Federal style building dating to the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>Social philosopher, historian and cultural critic Lewis Mumford and his wife bought the house in the late 1920s, originally using it as a summer house. By the mid-1930s, they decided to make it their permanent residence for a few years. That period extended to more than half a century, the rest of Mumfords life. His experience of living in a rural area informed some of Mumfords thinking about cities and how they should be shaped. In 1999, a few years after his death, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The property listed on the Register consists of two adjoining parcels: a 1.9 acre lot with the house and carriage house and a larger 11.7 acre open field stretching back to Webutuck Creek. Both are located on the west side of Leedsville Road, a street of large semi-wooded residential lots, most formerly part of larger farms, in the eastern section of Amenia. There is a similar 19th-century farmhouse just across the street. The Mumford property is a half-mile (1 km) south of state highway NY 343 and a similar distance west of the Connecticut state line. The house, carriage house and landscaping on the property are all considered contributing resources to the listing.</p><br>
<h3>House</h3><br>
<p>The main house&#39;s east (front) section is a three-bay two-story frame structure on a stone foundation sided in clapboard. It is topped with a side-gabled roof shingled in asphalt, pierced by two brick chimneys at either end. A perpendicular rear wing, similarly sided, is one and a half stories in height, with side entrances and a single-story sunroom added to the rear.</p><br>
<p>A single-bay porch with arched pediment and two round columns shelters the main entrance at the northern end of the front facade. All windows have solid wooden shutters. Semicircular windows at the attic level on either side elevation have been boarded in.</p><br>
<p>Federal-style crown moldings, pilasters and fielded side panels surround the main entrance. It opens to a small main hall that gives onto a living room with exposed ceiling beams. A study, kitchen and pantry, bathroom and the sunroom complete the first floor. The flooring is wide pine boards. The brick kitchen fireplace has a large mantel and bake oven.</p><br>
<p>Two staircases lead up to the second floor. The front one has been opened up to provide more light to the upstairs. The kitchen stair is narrow and steep. The basement has a dirt floor and the original, unfinished stone walls.</p><br>
<h3>Carriage house and landscaping</h3><br>
<p>To the rear of the house, at the end of the driveway, is the former carriage house, modified for use as an automotive garage. It is a single-story post and beam wood pegged structure sided in clapboard with an asphalt-shingled roof. It has a low loft inside, a northern addition to accommodate a car, and three windows on the south side.</p><br>
<p>Stone paths lead from the driveway south to the house. They are complemented in the landscaping by mature plantings including ornamental shrubs around the house and curvilinear flower beds in the rear yard. Intersecting paths lead through the woods to the open field in the rear.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There is some uncertainty about the age of the house. In his 1982 autobiography Sketches of Life, Mumford gives its construction date as 1837. Research done by New York&#39;s State Historic Preservation Office in preparation for the Register nomination found that it might be as much as a decade older.</p><br>
<p>Mumford, a mostly self-taught New York City native, and his wife Sophia had lived in Greenwich Village and Sunnyside Gardens in Queens following their 1921 marriage. After the success of Sticks and Stones, his 1924 history of American architecture, critic Joel Elias Spingarn invited him up to his Amenia estate, Troutbeck. The Mumfords spent the summer of 1926 there, and returned in the following years.</p><br>
<p>By 1929 they had decided to purchase a property of their own for their summers, and found the house just down the road from Troutbeck. For $2,500 ($ in contemporary dollars), they bought the house and what Mumford later called its "weedy acre". After seven more summers, the family decided to settle there year-round in 1936, and began adding additional acreage and upgrading the house with electricity and heating to make it livable in wintertime.</p><br>
<p>It was a considerable adjustment for the Mumfords, both of whom had up to that point been city dwellers. "There," wrote one scholar three decades later, "the rural life that previously he had only glimpsed became real to him." He took up gardening in earnest, and the Mumfords began landscaping the property, eventually adding paths that opened up vistas across the Webutuck valley to Oblong Mountain on the west. They bought a used 1932 Chevrolet, their first car. Mumford left it to his wife to drive after he nearly crashed it into the maple trees in front of the house on one attempt to learn, and swore never to get behind the wheel again.</p><br>
<p>The Mumfords primarily socialized with the Spingarns up the road. They nevertheless appreciated their neighbors help in lending them tools and garden equipment and watching the house when they were away from it; one large family nearby was extremely helpful with the Mumford children. The experience reinforced Mumfords belief that livable city neighborhoods needed to have "something of the village" in them.</p><br>
<p>They told their friends in New York that they initially meant to stay in Amenia for only a few years. But Lewis gradually found the quiet rural environment a good place to write, and it was in the downstairs study that he turned out many of his later major works on the role of cities in civilization and the roots of industrialization.</p><br>
<p>"We gradually fell in love with our shabby house as a young man might fall in love with a homely girl whose voice and smile were irresistible", Mumford later recalled. "In no sense was this the house of dreams. But over our lifetime it has slowly turned into something better, the house of our realities... his dear house has enfolded and remodeled our family character—exposing our limitations as well as our virtues."</p><br>
<p>Over the rest of their lives, the Mumfords sometimes took residence elsewhere for Lewiss teaching or research positions, up to a year at a time. They always returned to what they called the "Great Good Place". Mumfords biographer Donald Miller wrote:</p><br>
<p>They made some changes to it, siding the first story in shingles and removing the south chimney. Inside they put bookcases on almost every wall.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, when Lewis could no longer write due to his advanced age, he retreated to the house. He died there in his bed in 1990, at the age of 94. Sophia followed him seven years later.</p><br>
<p>After her death, the house was sold to a local carpenter who decided to restore it to its original appearance and resell it. He removed all the bookcases and the nine layers of linoleum the Mumfords had added to the kitchen floor every time one wore out. Later renovations restored the original siding and chimney.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, after being listed on the National Register, the house was again put up for sale with a list price of $375,000. The restorations made it more difficult to sell despite the historic provenance, since it still lacked many amenities sought by contemporary buyers of country houses. It eventually did, and is now an occupied residence again.</p><br>
<p>The Holiday Inn Express San Antonio N-Riverwalk Area  is a hotel in downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1878, the five-story building is rich in history and served as the San Antonio Bexar County Jail until 1962. In recent years, before becoming a hotel, the building was a records depot for both the city and county and is currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The five-story stone and brick structure was originally designed by prominent architect Alfred Giles as a two-story limestone facility containing twenty jail cells. Because of a rapid increase in the city&#39;s population, Henry T. Phelps designed a third-floor addition and remodeled the building in 1912, transforming it to the Mission Revival style.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, a second expansion was designed by Atlee and Robert Ayres, a father-and-son team and leading architects of their time. The entire appearance of the building was changed, with the addition of two floors, a reconfiguration of window openings, and a projecting entry with an arched entrance porch. The present façade&#39;s appearance dates to that design, when the structure was faced in brick.</p><br>
<p>A new jail was constructed in 1962; the old jail became the County Election Center and Archives Building. In 1983, it was used as a private records storage facility and later a city records storage facility, until 2000. In a 2002 rehabilitation, the building was repainted to emphasize the façade&#39;s brick detail.</p><br>
<p>The jail was once known as the Shrimp Hotel. The double entendre came about because the jail was located on Camaron Street (Calle del Camarón), named using the Spanish word for shrimp—which the locals applied to the crawfish in nearby San Pedro Creek—plentiful during the Spanish colonial period.</p><br>
<p>The Monitor House is a historic house in St. Paris, Ohio, United States. Located along West Main Street, it is a square brick structure resting on a foundation of stone and covered with an asphalt roof. Although the house is primarily one story tall, it is built around a -story square clerestory.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed circa 1860, although its precise date of erection — as well as the names of its first owner and its designer — is unknown. Its five-bay, 30 ft-long exterior is decorated with cornices around the window lintels. Inside, the rooms open onto a central hallway that concludes with a stairway to the second floor of the central part of the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Monitor House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its unusual architecture. Only two or three monitor houses, featuring an elevated center, are known to exist in Ohio, and the one in St. Paris is architecturally the most well-preserved; consequently, it is considered historically significant statewide. In contrast, a similar monitor house in Chillicothe, known as "Tanglewood," is only considered locally significant. The house in St. Paris was the first of over thirty places in Champaign County to be listed on the National Register; it is one of two in the village with this distinction, along with the Kiser Mansion on East Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Peter Houghtaling Farm and Lime Kiln is a national historic district located at West Coxsackie in Greene County, New York. The district contains eight contributing buildings, one contributing site, and two contributing structures. The property includes a 1794 stone house, a well and smokehouse dated to about 1794, a 19th-century privy, three 19th-century barns, an early 20th-century equipment barn and chicken coop, and 19th-century burial ground. The lime kiln is constructed of battered walls of mortared rubble limestone. It was built between 1850 and 1880.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Barr Hotel is a historic hotel on the eastern side of downtown Lima, Ohio, United States. Built in 1914, the Neoclassical hotel occupies the northeastern corner of the intersection of High and Union Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The primary portion of the hotel is a brick building, seven stories tall; it rests on a concrete foundation and is covered by a flat roof. Next to this portion is a connected building, four stories high and also built of brick. Large sash windows and Ionic-capped pilasters are among the most distinctive elements of the primary portion of the hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Historical context</h2><br>
<p>During the early twentieth century, Lima experienced rapid growth as a result of its place as a hub for Standard Oil and as the home of the Lima Locomotive Works. Many large buildings were erected in the city&#39;s downtown, including the still-standing Hotel Argonne and the Ohio Theatre. The Barr Hotel is a typical building of this period. In 1956, businessman, C. O. Porter assumed ownership of the hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1986, the Barr Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its significance in overall American history. As a little-altered example of Lima&#39;s golden years, the hotel was significant partially because of the unusually frequent destruction of historic buildings in Lima since the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary use</h2><br>
<p>The entire building was refurbished in 1994 and became an apartment complex with modern fixtures and state-of-the-art amenities. The building, now called The Barr Apartments, was bought in spring 2010 by real estate investors, Michael and Barbara OConnor, co-owners of the company, OConnor Investment Properties. Tenants in the building are professionals working in the downtown Lima area as well as local university students.</p><br>
<p>The old Essex County Jail is located in the University Heights section of Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The jail is Essex County&#39;s oldest public building and a national landmark of value for its architectural and social history. The complex consists of about 20 structures of various size, age, and function ranging in date from the 1830s to 1930s. Collectively, they represent the evolution of American prison history over 100 years. For the quality of its architecture, its social history, and its links to the 1967 Newark Riots, this jail was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 3, 1991. The site has been abandoned since 1971 and remains property of the City of Newark.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The jail was originally located at the citys edge in a neighborhood of farms and factories, adjacent to the recently completed Morris Canal. The grounds are now located adjacent to the Norfolk Street station of the Newark Light Rail, which was built along the route of the former canal bed in the 1930s. Due to the urban environment and geography, the jails various buildings are tightly crowded over 1.5 acres - originally with few green spaces between for inmate recreation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>English architect and social reformer John Haviland designed and built the jail in 1837 at the corner of Newark and New Streets. Haviland was an established prison architect at the time who was most notable for Eastern State Penitentiary, among other prison designs that emphasized prisoner reform over brutal punishment. The Morris Canal ran adjacent to the jail and formed the back of the property line. When the building was first built it was known as the Newark Street Jail. This jail replaced an earlier structure located at the corner of Broad and Walnut Streets at the present site of the Grace Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>Havilands jail consisted of a two-story square building built of brick and local brownstone in the Greek Revival style. Behind this there rose a three-story sandstone structure – measuring roughly 75 by 100 feet – with tiers of cells running down the center. This cell block functioned as a temporary holding facility while inmates awaited trial and conviction. After conviction, inmates moved to the state prison in Caldwell, built 1872 and now demolished. In 1890, and again in 1893, 1903, and 1907, Havilands original building was expanded with multiple additions increasing the number of prison cells upwards of 300. However, actual inmates numbers were often closer to 500 due to severe overcrowding during events like the 1967 Newark Riots. The building was also updated to include running water and toilet facilities in each cell. The building served as Essex Countys main jail until 1971 when a new jail was built. In 1991, scenes for the film Malcolm X were shot at the jail. In 2003, a fire devastated the Womens Wing built 1895, which is now in rubble. The property is currently unsecured, open to trespassers and urban explorers, and frequently featured in ruins photography.</p><br>
<h2>Current Site Conditions</h2><br>
<p>The building was severely damaged by fire in 2003. A new science park was planned for the site, but plans never left the drawing board. The design called for demolishing the entire structure, but the citys landmarks committee, which seeks to have the jail preserved, rejected the plan in 2010. The jail is rapidly decaying and many sections have already fallen down. In particular, The Wardens House, which dates from 1837, has partially collapsed due to lack of maintenance. Pending more detailed surveys, the other sections need to be stabilized before the structure is rehabilitated.</p><br>
<p>In July 2017, Rutgers Law School applied to de-register the facility from the National Register of Historic Places and the New Jersey Register of Historic Places; de-registering the site would allow demolition to go forward with no legal requirements for a feasibility study of possible reuses.</p><br>
<p>In spring 2018, a team of graduate students at Columbia University GSAPP researched the architectural and social history of this structure and set forth eleven proposals for the jails reuse. This research became the subject of a spring 2019 design studio and exhibit in the Newarks Hahnes Building with funding from the Hanini Group, NJ Appleseed, and Newark Landmarks. This represents a first concrete step toward this structures constructive reuse.</p><br>
<p>The New Jersey Bell Headquarters Building is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was built in 1929 by the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 21, 2005. The art deco building was designed by Ralph Thomas Walker of the architectural firm Voorhees, Gmelin, and Walker. The buff brick and sandstone façade is decorated with pilasters created by sculptor Edward McCartan. Since the building&#39;s opening, soft orange lights have bathed its upper floors at night. The building is 20 stories and 275 ft tall. The building later became headquarters for Verizon New Jersey, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold in 2017 and has been converted to residential high-rise market rate apartments and renamed Walker House. Verizon still leases several floors in the building. It opened in 2019 as the Walker House, named for the architect who designed it.</p><br>
<p>The Cory Booker 2020 presidential campaign opened in the building in March 2019.</p><br>
<p>Edison Storage Battery Company Building, is located at 177 Main Street and Lakeside Avenue in West Orange, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The building was a manufacturing facility for Edison Storage Battery Company to make nickel-iron batteries developed by Thomas Edison in 1901. Manufacturing began around 1903 and was discontinued in 1975 when Edison Storage was sold to Exide.</p><br>
<p>The Newark Metropolitan Airport Buildings are at Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey. Newark Metropolitan, opened in 1928, was the first major airport in the United States. The trio of Art Deco buildings, the Administration Building, Brewster Hangar and the Medical Building, were built in 1934 and dedicated by Amelia Earhart in 1935. They were added to state and federal registers of historic places in 1980. In 2001, the Administration Building was relocated when a runway was lengthened, and they have subsequently been renovated. The terminal was once adorned with murals by Arshile Gorky, only two of which survive and are part of the Newark Museum collection.</p><br>
<p>Passaic Machine Works-Watts, Campbell & Company, is located in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Historically, Watts Campbell specialized in building steam engines and in rebuilding old machines. In its earlier days, the factory was about twice its current size and even included a metal casting division for factory orders. It was divided into two sections. The section abutting the Passaic River, now demolished, was the metal casting division. The section currently abutting McCarter Highway, still extant, was the metal fabrication division.</p><br>
<p>At its height, it employed over 330 machinists from the local area. It served Newark&#39;s industries and many other factories in the region. Customers ranged from Thomas Edison Labs to Campbell Soup Company. Watts Campbell was not unique in size. Even as late as 1950, many specialized factories surpassed Watts Campbell in size.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>As time passed, owing to developments in technology and the decreasing popularity of the Corliss steam engine, Watts Campbell stopped producing steam engines. The electrification of industry and more efficient steam turbine generators rendered the Corliss steam engines obsolete. After the 1920s, the factory specialized in constructing and repairing specialty machines for local industries.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s the factory underwent a restoration that demolished the historic facade and mansard slate roof, paved the dirt floor, and stuccoed the interior. Nonetheless, the interior has remained generally untouched for more than 150 years. The interior houses much machinery that dates from as early as the 1850s. The original wooden roof trusses, windows, and furnishing remain in place.</p><br>
<p>Due to managements inability to upgrade equipment, the factory gradually lost customers due to aging and sometimes outdated machinery. Newark industry had gradually moved away, thereby decreasing Watts Campbells ability to refurbish machinery. It had been in operation for almost 150 years before closing in 2007 due to dwindling numbers of customers. Watts Campbell was one of the last industrial revolution era factories in Newark to close. Currently, Watts Campbell has been repossessed by the City of Newark due to unpaid taxes. After Hurricane Sandy a large portion of the roof collapsed, exposing many of the historic machines to the elements. The factory is now largely unoccupied and in rapidly decaying condition. If not mitigated, the damaged roof is likely to worsen and possibly weaken the entire structure.</p><br>
<p>Watts Campbell is unique for the integrity of its machinery and historical relevance. Nationally, very few factories have remained in the same place, with the same machinery, for over a hundred years. Watts Campbell is one of the last factories remaining in Newark. Almost all its industrial customers are gone, which included the Ballantine Brewery, Murphy Varnish, and Westinghouse. Watts Campbell has a unique, but threatened, collection of historic machinery (claimed to be worth over a million dollars by its current owner, Chad Watts).</p><br>
<p>Most of Watts Campbells records belong to The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. The remaining, less valuable, files belong to former owner Chad Watts or are stored in the vacant factorys filing cabinets. Unfortunately, most of the actual machines sit rusted in the main assembly room or have been scrapped.</p><br>
<p>The Watts Campbell Company maintains files of old drawings, and patterns for its steam engines, as well of those of Hewes and Phillips Company which closed around 1912.</p><br>
<p>Restoring Watts Campbell to its former glory is complicated by many factors including:</p><br>
<p>A dispute over property rights: the original factory has been divided, each half with a separate owner. Chad Watts subleased his property to John Sheahan when he was owner. But when the city of Newark foreclosed on the property for unpaid taxes, it did not evict the tenant.</p><br>
<p>Decay: restoring the factory, although critical, will cost more if decay is not immediately stopped.</p><br>
<p>Local politics: the city government lacks the financial means or interest to preserve Watts Campbell. Tourism could provide an impetus for restoration.</p><br>
<p>See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The Isaie and Scholastique Martin House at 137 Saint Catherine Street in Madawaska, Maine, is a well-preserved example of an Acadian log house built following traditional regional techniques. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Isaie Martin was the grandson of Francois Martin who, as an 11-year-old, was one of the Acadians deported from Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1755. Francois Martin and his family were later among the first families to settle in the Saint John River Valley between the Madawaska and Green rivers, in an area that is still today heavily characterized by Acadian culture and traditions. Most of Francois&#39; sons established farms along the Saint John River during the first three decades of the 19th century, and his grandsons and great grandsons followed suit.</p><br>
<p>The Martin House is composed of two joined log structures, the earlier of which was probably constructed between 1823 and 1844. The house features log construction cloaked by a clapboarded exterior with a steep A-frame dormer with a round arched window, and a generous wrap-around porch. On the interior, the house exhibits some unusual, probably regional, woodworking details and has a type of root cellar once commonly found in Acadian homes, but now rare. With the exception of the replacement of some of the windows, the house retains integrity of location, association, feeling, workmanship, design and materials to the period of significance, which spans the approximate dates of construction, c. 1823 to c. 1860. The house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 for its architectural significance within the context of 19th century Acadian traditions.</p><br>
<p>The Neal Clothing Building is the oldest existing building on the central square of Lima, Ohio, United States. Built before the end of the Civil War, it has been recognized as historically significant as a representative of the city&#39;s earliest period.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This two-story brick building lies on the northeastern corner of Public Square at the heart of the city. Among its distinctive architectural features are three rounded arch windows with sash panes, metal brackets, and multiple finials. Although some of the facade has been modified, an original metal awning covers the recessed entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Historic context</h2><br>
<p>The Neal Clothing Building is the sole surviving building from downtown Limas earliest period, and it appears in even the oldest pictures of the northeastern corner of the square. At this time, the citys economy was dependent primarily on the agriculture of the surrounding countryside. During the 1870s, the citys commerce grew as railroads expanded into the area, and several large commercial buildings, including the still-standing Union Block, were built on Public Square during this time. Further growth occurred after petroleum was found in the citys vicinity in 1885; as Lima&#39;s population grew 300% from 1880 to 1900, the need for larger buildings was apparent, and many ornate commercial structures were erected in the city during this period. As the boom continued into the twentieth century, other significant buildings were erected on Public Square, including the First National Bank and Trust Building.</p><br>
<h2>Historic landmark</h2><br>
<p>In 1982, the Neal Clothing Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its historic architecture. Sixteen other downtown buildings, all newer, were added to the Register at the same time as part of the "Lima Multiple Resource Area," a collection of architecturally-significant buildings.</p><br>
<p>The David and Elizabeth Bell Boldman House was a private house located at 3339 Canton Center Road near Sheldon in Canton Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The former site of the house is now vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The David and Elizabeth Bell Boldman House was a basilica-style Greek Revival with a two-story center section flanked by single-story wings. The center section had an open, two-story portico with a square Doric column at each end and a triangular pediment above. The basilica style of Greek Revval house is unique to southeast Michigan, western New York and northeast Ohio, and the two-story portico is relatively rare in the north. The front facade had a center door with two flanking windows surrounded by fluted molding, and two matching windows on the second story. The house was built of wood with a foundation of fieldstone, and portions of hand-hewn log construction were visible in the basement.</p><br>
<h2>The Boldmans</h2><br>
<p>Henry Boldman came to Canton Township from Scotland via New York, one of the first settlers in the township. He built this house around 1835. It was enlarged by his son David Boldman, the establisher of a cheese factory, around 1858. David Boldman was very involved in township government, holding the posts of highway commissioner, constable, and township treasurer multiple times between 1847 and 1875.</p><br>
<p>The David and Elizabeth Bell Boldman House is significant in its reflection of the growing affluence of the area&#39;s settlers and their sense of pride in their improving situation.</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office  at 209 East Portage Avenue in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, is an historic building which has served various purposes since its construction in the early 20th century. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 9, 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1822, Fort Brady was constructed on this site. In 1893, Federal troops abandoned the fort in favor of new location closer to the center of the Soo canal. The old fort site was reserved for the construction of a public building, and was used as a public commons until 1908, when Congress appropriated $150,000 for the construction of this Federal Building.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1909-1910 of limestone from a Bedford, Indiana quarry, using a design by James Knox Taylor, then Supervising Architect of the USA Treasury. It served for decades as a post office and a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan, with the court meeting there from 1912 until 1941.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the Sault Foundation for Culture and History acquired the building from the government, which had built a new facility for the courts, and converted it into the River of History Museum. This facility was to preserve and promote "the history of the St. Mary&#39;s River system". On July 1, 2009, the museum relocated, moving its exhibits to a new site. As of 2010, the building was renovated for use as office space as the City Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Old Federal Building is a rectangular three story limestone Renaissance Revival structure on a raised granite foundation. It measures 64 feet by 103 feet, and is seven bays wide. The first floor is built of smooth coursed limestone with horizontal recessed joints, above which is a carved frieze. On the main facade, the two upper floors are of plain limestone block, with Ionic columns running the full height of the second and third floors, framing the central five-bay fenestration. Slightly receding bats are on either side. An ornamental cornice tops the facade, above which is a low tin hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>The United States Animal Quarantine Station is located in the city of Clifton in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The buildings were built in 1900. The facility, considered the Ellis Island for Animals, closed in 1975. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 9, 1981, for its significance in agriculture. Part of the site is now the Clifton Municipal Complex. Two of the buildings were renovated and turned into the Clifton Arts Center Gallery and Studio. An atrium was built to connect the two buildings. It is considered to be threatened site.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The station originally contained 27 buildings built between 1900 and 1907 on a 49 acre property. It operated from 1900 to 1979 to receive and isolate foreign animals entering the country. There were 14 brick barns at the site. In 1966, the property was sold to the city. In 2000, the Clifton Arts Center, founded by Gloria J. Kolodziej, opened here using two of the brick barns.</p><br>
<p>The Sidna Allen House is a historic house located near the town of Fancy Gap, in Carroll County, Virginia. The house was built in 1911 for Sidna Allen, brother of Floyd Allen; however, he was arrested soon thereafter for complicity in the courthouse shooting of which his brother was accused, and never again lived there. and</p><br>
<p>On January 27, 1901, when Sidna Allen was 35 years old he married Bettie Mitchell. After Sidna and Bettie married, they decided to build a house. According to the book The Courthouse Tragedy, the whole house was made of the best wood around, and there were eight rooms in the house. In the book it says, "The floors were of oak, except the floor of our living room, which was white maple." The walls in the house were all plastered. It also says, "In the dining room we used quarter-sawed oak, finished in natural color wainscoting." The roof of the house was made of slate, which back then, all this wood and other materials were very expensive. They had a windmill at the house, and an acetylene generator which is what provided them with lights. The house was worth $13,000.00 in 1911. But a year later, the Hillsville courthouse massacre occurred. Sidna and his wife had only lived there one year.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The house is owned by the Carroll County Historical Society and is currently closed for restoration, donated by the Widener family, Bonnie Wood and Stanley Widener.</p><br>
<p>The Henry W. Merriam House, also known as the Merriam Home, is an historic mansion located at 131 Main Street in the town of Newton in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1970, for its significance in architecture and social history. It is Newton&#39;s prime example of High Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1883 by the industrialist Henry W. Merriam (1828–1900), president of the H. W. Merriam Shoe Company. After his death, it was used as a home for retired Presbyterian ministers. In 1972, it was sold to the Assembly of God.</p><br>
<p>Droescher&#39;s Mill is located at 347 Lincoln Avenue East in the township of Cranford in Union County, New Jersey, United States. The mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 8, 1974, for its significance in commerce. It is the oldest continuously operated commercial building in New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Also known as the Williams-Droescher Mill, Droescher&#39;s Mill is the last remaining mill on the Rahway River. It was constructed in 1737 by Benjamin Williams as a saw mill alongside a dam. Williams used the flow of the river to turn an undershot water wheel to power his saws. Lumber cut here went into the construction of the first houses built in the area. Shortly before his death in 1779, Williams erected a second building only a few feet from his sawmill for the manufacture of woolens.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, Severin R. Droescher bought the mill and renovated it into the structure as seen today. S.R. Droescher used it to run the Cranford Oil Stone Works where whetstones and oilstones were made.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Ave East and Lincoln Ave West, the road that passes through Cranford and on which the mill sits, was originally part of the Naraticong Trail, a route to the sea of the Unami tribe of the Lenape people. Lincoln Avenue was known as the Old York Road by the 1700s, a colonial road from Elizabeth to Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Aside from the Naraticong Trail, the Great Minisink Trail also passed through Cranford as a traditional Lenape route to collect marine foods at the shore.</p><br>
<h2>Rahway River Parkway</h2><br>
<p>The mill and surrounding parkland are local landmarks along the Cranford section of the Rahway River Parkway, a nearly century-old greenway of parkland that hugs the Rahway River and its tributaries throughout Union County, New Jersey. It was designed in the 1920s by the well-known Olmsted Brothers firm, sons of the eminent landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.</p><br>
<p>The Cranford section of the parkway follows the banks of the meandering Rahway River as it flows south through Lenape Park, Nomahegan Park, Hampton Park, MacConnell Park, Girl Scout Park, the Cranford Canoe Club, Hanson Park, Sperry Park, Josiah Crane Park, Droescher&#39;s Mill Park (also known as Squire Williams Park), and Mohawk Park.</p><br>
<p>The "Friends of Rahway River Parkway," a nonprofit group, has been formed exclusively to encourage and advocate for the preservation, restoration and enhancement of the Rahway River Parkway, in accord with the Olmsted design principles inherent in its origins, and to promote appropriate public enjoyment of the Parkway.</p><br>
<p>Alluem Yoga, a yoga studio located in the mill, has organized Rahway River Parkway clean-ups on the stretch of the Parkway at the mill.</p><br>
<h3>Cranford Riverwalk</h3><br>
<p>The Cranford Riverwalk and Heritage Corridor portion of the Rahway River Parkway begins at the parklands near where Orange Avenue meets Springfield at the Cranford Canoe Club and follows the Rahway River on its path southbound to the</p><br>
<p>mill.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants and Drovers Tavern is located at 1632 Saint Georges Avenue in the city of Rahway in Union County, New Jersey, United States. The historic tavern was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1978, for its significance in architecture, commerce, and transportation.</p><br>
<p>The exact construction dates of the building have been the source of some historical debate. An analysis of samples of the buildings wooden frame conducted by Columbia Universitys Lamont Dougherty Earth Sciences Observatory found that there were two distinct periods of construction – one in 1795–1796, then another in 1818–1819. The claim that the building did not exist until 1795 at the earliest is further supported by the fact that the first innkeeper, John Anderson, did not receive a tavern license until 1798, after the initial period of construction. It only began operation as a hotel around 1825, after the recent addition turned the two and a half story building into a three and a half story one.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the Rahway Historical Society formed and saved the historic building from destruction by purchasing it and transforming it into the center for historical interpretation that it is today. The Museum is presently looked after by The Merchants and Drovers Tavern Museum Association. Throughout most of the 2000s, the Tavern underwent significant restoration efforts. In September 2021, the Museum announced on its website that the second phase of the Restoring Our Legacy Campaign has been completed and Phase III is underway. Phase II saw the restoration of the second, third, and fourth floors of the building as well as the front facade.</p><br>
<p>The tavern is adjacent to the Rahway Cemetery. The Merchants and Drovers Tavern Museum Association (MDTMA) runs historic tours and talks, including on the Victorian-era murder known as The Unknown Woman or Rahway Jane Doe.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the cast of the hit paranormal reality series Ghost Hunters held a fundraiser for the museum.</p><br>
<p>The Scotch Plains School, or School #1, was located in Scotch Plains, Union County, New Jersey, United States. The school was built in 1890 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Originally designed by Stanford White as an elementary school, it was repurposed as a high school within ten years of its opening. School One reverted to being an elementary school in 1926 and continued as such until its closing in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The school was burned down by an arsonist in 1984. It has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Stage House Inn is located at the intersection of Park Avenue and Front Street in the township of Scotch Plains in Union County, New Jersey, United States. The inn was built in 1737 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 1982, for its significance in architecture, commerce and politics/government.</p><br>
<p>Through its history, the inn has also been known as Ye Olde Historical Inn, the Stanbury Inn, Ye Olde Tavern, the W.L. Deegans Hotel, Suttons Tavern, and De Bouds Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The inn sat prominently on the Old York Road, where it was a regular stop for stagecoaches on the "Swift Sure Stage Line" between New York City and Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>It was a primary meeting place for troop messengers and officers during the Revolutionary War; in fact, General Lafayette is known to have stopped at the inn while General George Washington was nearby.</p><br>
<p>When President Abraham Lincoln called additional troops to defend the Union during the American Civil War, rallies were held in the Stage House Inn.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently used as a part of the "Stage House Tavern," a restaurant and bar opened in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Drake House Museum is located at 602 West Front Street in the city of Plainfield in Union County, New Jersey. The house was built in 1746 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 19, 1973, for its significance in architecture. It now operated as the Drake House Museum and is the headquarters of the Historical Society of Plainfield, though the building is owned by the City of Plainfield. The most famous piece in the Society&#39;s collection is the painting, "The Death of General Sedgwick" by Julian Scott.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Issac Drake built the home in 1746 for his son Nathaniel Drake on the Old York Road. The original home was a -story building with four rooms and a lean-to kitchen. George Washington stayed at the home during the Battle of Short Hills in 1777. John S. Harberger purchased the home in 1864 and remodeled the building. Harberger&#39;s additions to the building included a mansard roof, ballroom, a 3-story tower in the rear of the building and a turret on the side of the home.</p><br>
<p>Kosciuszko Park is a park located at 2732 N. Avers Ave. Situated along the northern boundary of Chicago&#39;s Logan Square community area at Diversey, it is heavily frequented by residents of Avondale and is considered to be part of Jackowo.</p><br>
<p>Kosciuszko Park was commissioned in 1914 and completed in 1916; the Northwest Park District, one of Chicagos many park districts of the early twentieth century, opened the park as part of its efforts to add neighborhood parks in Northwest Chicago. As the parks original layout and landscape has changed over time, the fieldhouse is the main surviving piece of its original design. Architect Albert Arthur Schwartz began the design of the building; however, he was replaced by Frederick William Bowes halfway through its construction. The two men gave the fieldhouse a Tudor Revival design with a large half-timbered gable. The fieldhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 16, 2013.</p><br>
<p>Kosciuszko Park is named after Tadeusz Kościuszko, a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, the United States and Belarus. He led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia as Supreme Commander of the National Armed Force (Najwyższy Naczelnik Siły Zbrojnej Narodowej).</p><br>
<p>Kosciuszko Park has long been a community center for Chicagos Northwest Side. The park once housed one of the Chicago Public Librarys most frequented branches before it was closed in the 1950s, as well as one of the first two Polish Language Schools in Chicago, Polska Szkoła im. Tadeusza Kościuszki. The Polish School still continues to this day, albeit in a different location as it outgrew the fieldhouse facilities.</p><br>
<p>The park is a few blocks from St. Hyacinth Basilica, the Hairpin Arts Center, as well as the now razed Olson Park and Waterfall.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Temple is a historic Masonic building in Philadelphia. Located at 1 North Broad Street, directly across from Philadelphia City Hall, it serves as the headquarters of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, Free and Accepted Masons. The Temple features the Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania, and receives thousands of visitors every year to view the ornate structure, which includes seven lodge rooms, where today a number of Philadelphia lodges and the Grand Lodge conduct their meetings.</p><br>
<h2>Prior Masonic Temples in Philadelphia</h2><br>
<p>Freemasonry existed in Philadelphia since the early 1700s. The original Masonic temple in the city was built in 1811 on Chestnut Street between 7th and 8th Street in Center City Philadelphia, but burned down in 1819. It was rebuilt in 1820. A second Masonic temple was built on Chestnut Street in the 1850s, dedicated in 1855 and sold in 1873, once the new temple was completed.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Temple was designed in the medieval Norman style by James H. Windrim, who was 27 years old at the time he won the design competition. The massive granite cornerstone, weighing ten tons, was leveled on St. John the Baptists Day, June 24, 1868. The ceremonial gavel used on that day by Grand Master Richard Vaux was the same gavel used by President George Washington in leveling the cornerstone of the nations Capitol building in 1793.</p><br>
<p>The construction was completed five years later, in 1873, and dedicated on September 29th of that year. The interior, designed by George Herzog, was begun in 1887 and took another fifteen years to finish.</p><br>
<p>The bold and elaborate elevations on Broad and Filbert Streets, especially the beautiful portico of Quincy granite, make it one of the great architectural wonders of Philadelphia. The exterior stone of the building on Broad and Filbert Streets is Cape Ann Syenite from Syne in Upper Egypt.</p><br>
<p>On May 27, 1971, the Temple was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. It was cited in its landmark designation as one of the nation&#39;s most elaborate examples of Masonic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Phillip and Maria Hasselbach Dingledey House was a private house located at 1638 Haggerty Road, near Westland in Canton Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The house is no longer at its listed location; a small commercial complex now occupies the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Phillip and Maria Hasselbach Dingledey House was an upright and wing style farmhouse with a relatively unusual double upright. The one-story wing section was located between a two-story front-gabled upright section and a -story front-gabled upright section. The house, constructed in 1881, included Italianate and Greek Revival detail elements. It was made from wood, with clapboard siding, on a rubble stone foundation. The recessed porch on the central wing had columns and brackets under the eaves.</p><br>
<h2>Phillip and Maria Hasselbach Dingledey</h2><br>
<p>Phillip Dingledey was born in Germany in 1831 and came to the United States when he was 15. He first settled in Buffalo, New York, and later came to Michigan. Philip&#39;s first wife died, and in 1861 he married Maria Hasselbach. The couple had a farm on Haggerty Road near palmer Road, but in 1881 they purchased land farther north along Haggerty and built this house. Phillip Dingledey died in 1899 and his wife Maria followed in 1909.</p><br>
<p>Brentmoor, also known as the Spilman-Mosby House in Warrenton, Virginia, is a historic site that was the home of Confederate military leader John Singleton Mosby.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1859 as the residence of Judge Edward M. Spilman and his family, who later sold the house to James Keith, who went on to become the president of the Virginia Court of Appeals. Mosby purchased the property from the Keiths in 1875. In 1877, the property was sold to Congressman Eppa Hunton, who lived there with his wife and son, Eppa Jr. for most of the following 25 years. Brentmoor was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The house briefly served as the location for the John Singleton Mosby Museum and Education Center, founded by Patricia B. Fitch in 2001. In 2018, the town sold the property back into private ownership. As of 2019, it is under renovations to become a family home.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Brentmoor is a two-story Italianate style house, three bays wide. The west side of the house has an "English basement"-with earth to just below window sill height. The central bay is given emphasis by a 2 inch deep projection below a cross gable. This center bay frames the entry door with sidelights, and the second floor has a tri-part window on center, each window part is round-headed. The 2 inch projection is repeated at, and around the corners giving a suggestion of pilasters. A single story porch extends across the front supported by coupled, bracketed columns. The center-hall (N-S) plan features a single room to either side of the hall with 12 foot ceilings; each room has a fireplace backing against the center hall.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the center hall, through an arched opening, there is a cross-hall (E-W) with the single stairway rising from west to east. Each end of the cross-hall has a door with sidelights. The east end is a grade level entry with small roof; the west end door leads to a porch, 6.5 feet above grade. Below this porch earth is retained -mirroring porch outlines- allowing a basement door with sidelights. This west basement door leads to a depressed terrace with stairs up to the lawn.</p><br>
<p>North of the cross-hall are two more rooms with back to back fireplaces. These rooms and cross-hall have 10&#39; ceilings. North of the east rear room, there was once a kitchen wing (removed c. 2001) which allowed easy communication with the nearby summer kitchen. All walls-including interior divisions are solid brick masonry. The second floor of the house is a near duplication of the first floor. Brentmoor was one of the earliest houses in Warrenton to incorporate indoor plumbing.</p><br>
<p>The only outbuildings remaining include a brick two-story-with attic summer-kitchen (16 x 20) and a brick smokehouse (13x 13) which surround a brick paved courtyard space between the two; all is to the north of the house.</p><br>
<p>C. A. Nothnagle Log House, also known as Braman-Nothnagle Log House, is a historic house on Swedesboro-Paulsboro Road in Gibbstown, New Jersey and is one of the oldest log houses in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The older part of the house was built sometime between 1638 and 1643 by Finnish or Swedish settlers in the colony of New Sweden, and Nordic ironware from the 1590s is still extant around the fireplace. The fireplace was probably built of bricks brought to America as ship&#39;s ballast.</p><br>
<p>The original cabin measures 16 by 22 feet, which indicates that the builders were relatively well off; an average-sized dwelling of the period was 12 by 12 feet. It is built of oak logs, and two logs were removable to provide ventilation in the summer. The logs were double dovetailed to provide a close fit, and gravel was pounded between the chinks in the logs. No nails were used in the original construction; hardwood pegs were used as fasteners. There is no ridgepole in the roof. People lived in this part of the house until 1918.</p><br>
<p>A large addition was constructed in the early 18th century. A wooden floor was built over the original dirt floor around 1730. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and is still privately owned. The cabin is opened for tours by appointment through owner Doris Rink, who resides in the adjoining structure.</p><br>
<p>Doris Rink sold the Log Cabin and adjoining property in 2024 to a real estate developer named Stephen Laszczyk who owns many properties in the area. Rink stated, "I want to get it into the hands of someone who is capable and loving and willing enough to put as much works into it as my husband and I have over the years," but efforts to sell to community organizations were unsuccessful.</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office Knickerbocker Station, originally known as "Station B", is a historic post office building located on East Broadway in Manhattan, New York City. It was built in 1935–37, and designed by consulting architect William Dewey Foster for the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. The building is a two to three story, brick building with a mansard roof and granite trim in the Colonial Revival style. The main entrance features a three bay wide pavilion topped by a pediment.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Shady Glen Road Stone Arch Bridge, also known as Elliotts&#39; Bridge, is a historic stone arch bridge located at Cornwallville in Greene County, New York. It was constructed in 1886 and is a single span, dry laid limestone bridge with a round arch. It spans an unnamed tributary of Catskill Creek.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Jeremiah Cunningham.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Hervey Street Road Stone Arch Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge located in Durham, New York, United States. It was constructed in 1891 and is a single span, dry laid limestone bridge with a round arch. It is 11 ft wide, with a span of 14 ft. It spans a tributary of Thorp Creek.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Jeremiah Cunningham.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Allan Teator Road Stone Arch Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge located at West Durham in Greene County, New York. It was constructed in 1892 and is a single span, dry laid limestone bridge with a round arch. It is seven feet  wide. It spans a tributary of Catskill Creek.</p><br>
<p>It was a work of Durham highway commissioner Jeremiah Cunningham.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Woodward Road Stone Arch Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge located at East Durham in Greene County, New York. It was constructed about 1887 and is a single span, dry laid limestone bridge with a round arch. It is eight feet  wide and a span of seven feet . It spans a tributary of Cornwallsville Creek.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Jeremiah Cunningham.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Eleanor is a historic gaff-rigged racing sloop built in 1903 at the B. F. Wood shipyard, City Island, Bronx and designed by Clinton H. Crane. She is homeported at the Catskill Marina, 10 Greene St., Catskill, New York. Her hull is 36 feet in length and around 28 feet at the waterline, her beam is 8.5 feet, and her draft is 4.5 feet.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 2010, Eleanor&#39;s restoration was undertaken by the Hudson River Historic Boat Restoration and Sailing Society. The restoration was completed in 2020. The Eleanor is owned, maintained, and sailed by the Hudson River Historic Boat Restoration and Sailing Society.</p><br>
<p>The Susquehannah Turnpike is a historic 25 mile turnpike beginning at Catskill on the Hudson River and stretching through the town of Durham in Greene County, New York. East of the Hudson River, the road was taken over by the Ancram Turnpike Company in 1804. The route was extended west by the Susquehannah and Bath Turnpike Company, and further branches reached to Buffalo and Erie, Pennsylvania; the whole route became known as the Catskill Turnpike. Part of the Susquehannah Turnpike follows the Mohican Trail and it features a number of stone arch bridges. Nine of the 25 original milestones remain.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An early effort to build a road to the settlements along the Susquehanna River was begun in 1790 by the state government, funded by lotteries. This effort fell through, and a private company, the Susquehanna Turnpike Company, was chartered in 1800 to build the road "from the town of Salisbury in the state of Connecticut to Wattle&#39;s Ferry, on the Susquehannah River." The construction was toilsome and long; notably, several bridges were washed out in 1804. Despite the troubles, the turnpike was opened in 1806. Before it had opened, the portion east of the Hudson River was spun off as the Ancram Turnpike in 1804.</p><br>
<p>Immediately upon the turnpike&#39;s opening, shunpikes began to pop up to avoid the tollbooths. One notable shunpike was in Meredith, now part of Davenport, on a road now called Miller Hill Road. It was eliminated by an act relocating the local toll booth nearer to the Kortright Creek, making it impossible to avoid the tollbooth; “Shunpikers, if caught, had to pay three times the toll”. To alleviate the loss of revenue from shunpikers, toll booths began to be set up at twice the interval as before, charging half the old toll at each booth.</p><br>
<p>To extend this road beyond the Susquehanna River, the Susquehanna and Bath Turnpike Company was chartered in 1804 to run "from the Susquehanna river in the town of Jerico, in Chenango County, to the town of Bath, in the County of Steuben". The company experienced similar, if not worse conditions in building the road, not even having an Iroquois trail to guide them.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1820s, turnpikes began to decline across the state, due to competition from the Erie Canal and railroads. This included the companies maintaining the Catskill Turnpike. The Susquehanna Turnpike Company also had the problem of being too large to maintain, and the road was so poorly maintained there was only one tollbooth that collected tolls, as was the practice for an unmaintained road, as early as 1828. The Susquehanna Turnpike was made a public road in 1856, though the company only folded in 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Modern designations</h2><br>
<p>Except for minor local variations in the 20th century, all the road is still drivable.</p><br>
<p>Ancram Turnpike:</p><br>
<p>State Line Road</p><br>
<p>Dutchess CR 60</p><br>
<p>Dutchess CR 8</p><br>
<p>NY 82</p><br>
<p>US 9</p><br>
<p>Church Road</p><br>
<p>Greendale Road</p><br>
<p>Susquehanna Turnpike:</p><br>
<p>Main Street (old NY 23)</p><br>
<p>NY 145</p><br>
<p>CR 20</p><br>
<p>Durham Road</p><br>
<p>Potter Mountain Road</p><br>
<p>NY 990V</p><br>
<p>Gilboa Road</p><br>
<p>NY 23</p><br>
<p>Turnpike Road</p><br>
<p>Delhi–Leonta Road</p><br>
<p>NY 357</p><br>
<p>Stagecoaches from there could connect with the Susquehanna and Bath Turnpike along what is now NY 7</p><br>
<p>Susquehanna and Bath Turnpike:</p><br>
<p>NY 206</p><br>
<p>NY 79</p><br>
<p>Schuyler CR 23</p><br>
<p>Steuben CR 114</p><br>
<p>Steuben CR 87</p><br>
<p>NY 54</p><br>
<p>The Coleman Station Historic District is located around the former New York Central Railroad Coleman&#39;s station in the Town of North East, New York, United States, a short distance south of the village of Millerton. It is a rural area including several large farms in the southeastern corner of the town. At almost three square miles , it is the largest historic district entirely within Dutchess County and the second largest in the county.</p><br>
<p>Nine farms were established in the current district by emigrants from New England in the late 18th century. Those farms have since been subdivided and recombined under later owners, but their original boundaries were used to establish the district, a small valley along Webutuck Creek. Over the course of the 19th century they evolved from farms that primarily raised a diverse group of livestock for local and regional markets to dairy farms that used the station and the railroad line that ran through the middle of the district to sell raw milk to New York City. By the middle of the 20th century a corporate farm in the district had become one of the city&#39;s largest milk providers.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 19th century residents of the city began to make country retreats in and around the district. A century later some of them lobbied to create the district and list it on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. One local farm&#39;s resistance to that effort went as far as federal appeals court after lower state and federal courts had negated the creation of the district. Since then some newer farms in the district have used its historic buildings and farms for coffee roasting and low-impact sheep farming, among other.</p><br>
<p>Many of the buildings in the district were erected in the 18th and 19th centuries, with little modification since then. They reflect, in many instances, different phases of agricultural development in the district. Five of these contributing properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is an irregularly shaped area whose boundaries follow either lot lines or the roads in the area. It is bisected by the former railroad right-of-way, now a portion of the Harlem Valley Rail Trail. The US 44/NY 22 highway is its westernmost extent, with a stretch of a half-mile (1 km) in either direction from the Coleman Station Road intersection serving as the southwestern corner line, with the exception of a small newer farm on the east side of the road near the southern end. From there the boundary runs due east to the rail trail, and turns south.</p><br>
<p>After following the rail trail for a thousand feet (300 m), it turns east again and follows lot lines first between fields and then through a large woodlot to Sheffield Hill Road. It turns south and then east, taking in another farm, and then follows the Connecticut state line, following it north to a dirt road along Webutuck Creek. It then follows the creek itself, excluding a large farm along the state line to the east.</p><br>
<p>At Taylor Road it follows the road briefly, then a lot line straight east back to the state line. Just at the southwestern corner of Indian Lake, it follows another lot line east, then north, and then east again at the rear lines of modern houses along Red Cedar Lane. It then curves north along Indian Lake Road to another property line which it then follows west, at the district&#39;s northernmost corner. The boundary turns to the south along this line after roughly 1,200 ft, then returns to its due-west heading for another half-mile, crossing the rail trail and Mill Road at their junction. It turns south at a cleared field in the middle of the woods, then follows lot lines back to routes 22 and 44.</p><br>
<p>Topographically, the 1,812 acre inside this boundary is a bowl through which the creek flows, formed by ridges and plateaus of as high as 900 ft in elevation, and breached by valleys of the Webutuck&#39;s tributaries in the area, and the Webutuck itself at the north end, near the lake. The station area that gave the district its name lies at the low point, around 580 ft. Most of the land is used for agricultural purposes, as fields or pasture, with some areas remaining as woodlots. Because of the clearing, it offers scenic views in every direction, particularly of the Taconic Mountains to the north and east.</p><br>
<p>The nearest settlement to the district is Sharon Valley, Connecticut, one mile to the southeast. Downtown Sharon is just east of Sharon Valley. The nearest New York neighbors are the village of Millerton, four miles (3 km) north, and the hamlet of Amenia three miles (6.4 km) south, along routes 22 and 44.</p><br>
<p>There are a total of 85 buildings, 23 sites and 9 structures within the district, most of them used for farming. Of these 117 resources, all but 29 are contributing properties to its historic character. Four of the farms and one former estate have been individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>What would become Coleman Station took a long time for Europeans to settle due to land disputes between the colonies of New York and Connecticut. The current boundary was resolved in 1732. Even after settlement began, the pace was slowed by war. In the early 19th century farming finally developed, moving from a diverse pre-industrial agriculture to a more specialized focus on milk production after the railroad and industrialization.</p><br>
<p>Farming survived the decline of the railroads in the late 20th century. Newcomers to the region saw its historic value and fought a precedent-setting court battle in the last years of the century to publicly recognize and preserve it. Since then agriculture in the district has once again begun to diversify.</p><br>
<h3>1731–1771: Early settlement</h3><br>
<p>Tradition has it that the area, like much of the Harlem Valley in eastern Dutchess County, was thoroughly cleared and cultivated by Native Americans before European settlers arrived. That took later than usual due to the land dispute between the colonies of New York and Connecticut. Few settlers built homes in the 150 square miles borderland known as the Oblong until the 1730s, when the two colonies agreed that the Panhandle, where Greenwich, Stamford and New Canaan are now, would be part of Connecticut while New York got the Oblong.</p><br>
<p>The agreement allowed for Connecticut landowners to continue to hold title in the Oblong, in order that they would have an incentive to pay for an overdue survey of the land. Even with these issues resolved, and land apportioned, sold and subdivided, there was still little settlement of the area throughout the mid-18th century. Indians, who had found the area a desirable place to settle while its legal status was unclear, established villages in the area, giving Indian Lake its name. Their presence in the area is recorded as late as the 1750s.</p><br>
<p>Most areas of the Harlem Valley were difficult places to establish farms due to the minimal amount of arable land. The area later to become Coleman Station was an exception. Settlers coming west from New England found its alluvial soil ideal for farming. One family, Nathan Wheeler and his son Elijah, of New Marlborough, Massachusetts, bought over 200 acre, the first of two families by that name to establish themselves in the district, in the early 1760s. Another family, the Collinses, had already settled nearby but bought land in the district to give to their children.</p><br>
<p>The oldest surviving buildings in the district, the farmhouse and barn at the Wheeler-Collins Farm on Coleman Station Road, have been dated to about 1771, shortly after land-transaction records start being kept regularly. Thomas Wheeler of Woodbury, Connecticut, arrived right before the war, the other Wheeler to establish his family there. The other farms were established following independence. By the early 19th century four large farms existed, all linked to Wheelers.</p><br>
<h3>1771–1870: Animal farming</h3><br>
<p>As the New England farmers settled in their new home, under their new flag, their agricultural practices changed. In their home states, under British rule, they had primarily grown wheat for export. In Dutchess County, they began raising a mix of livestock and cash crops for local and regional consumption, building farms that reflected this with buildings and spaces dedicated to different species. They supplemented their farm income with the extraction of raw materials for early industrial production like iron, limestone and peat, from nearby hillsides and bogs.</p><br>
<p>The 1850 census contains the first record of farm production in the district. The farms, about 150 – each, averaged 5–6 cows for milking, with twice that number slaughtered for meat. The former produced 300 – of butter and 150 – of cheese. Sheep were more numerous, about a hundred per farm on average, yielding 200 – of wool each year. They were joined by 20–30 pigs, oxen used as beasts of burden and horses for personal transportation. Most improved land on the farms was used as pasture; cropland was used mostly for animal feed, hay and potatoes.</p><br>
<p>Ten years later, the 1860 census shows a dramatic change in animals raised. Cow herds have gained at the expense of pigs and sheep, and the number of milking cows increased to 10–20, with no change in the crops grown. This reflects the 1852 advent of the New York and Harlem Railroad, the state&#39;s first, into the area, and with it a milk-processing plant in Wassaic to the south. Farmers could now get their milk and products to the growing New York City market, making dairy farming much more profitable.</p><br>
<p>The 1870 census for the first time recorded fluid milk production, with the Coleman Station farmers&#39; herds putting out 10,000 – annually. Farms still produced their own butter in quantity, but left cheese production and its enormous fluid milk requirements to the processing plant. It was the beginning of a shift from the diverse animal farming which had characterized the district earlier in the century to almost exclusively dairy farming, as it is today. Barns grew bigger to accommodate the larger cattle herds and more land was given over to pasture and feed crops.</p><br>
<h3>1850–1923: Conversion to dairy farming and tourism</h3><br>
<p>With the coming of the railroad, local entrepreneur Amasa Coleman lobbied for the construction of the station that would take its name from him and give it to the area. He and Oliver Barrett convinced what was by then the New York Central that a separate stop less than two miles (3 km) north of its Sharon station would help it better serve both the vacationers headed for that town across the state line and the farmers. The station spurred the development of a small commercial center around it, almost vanished today. Indian Lake Road was rerouted to the east side of the line (the original roadbed is still visible near the current overpass) and a rock cut created through the Wheeler-Bassett Farm. In the Great Blizzard of 1888 a five-locomotive plowing team was utterly wrecked when it crashed into snow that had accumulated in the cut.</p><br>
<p>The railroad&#39;s presence led to an old farmhouse, today known as Mutton Hill, at the southeast corner of the district, being renovated for use as country house. It was the only one in the district until 1903 when Thomas Hidden, a recently retired New York City industrialist, bought portions of four of the old farms on Sheffield Hill Road to create his Hiddenhurst estate. He may have chosen the Coleman Station area over the more popular Sharon area to the south since he was interested in raising horses on the property. He built a large stable and indoor training course, neither extant. The ornate neo-Georgian main house is considered to be the most architecturally distinctive property in the district.</p><br>
<p>Two years after Hiddens death in 1918, his estate was purchased by the Sheffield Milk Company, which combined his property with others it had acquired nearby and established a large corporate farm. It demolished Hiddens stable and training facility and erected a large dairy complex on its site along with housing for its workers. A new owner of the Wheeler Farm on Taylor Road around this time renovated its house to attract summer boarders, and distributed a brochure promoting it through the railroad. They may not have been the only ones. The transition of the district from an insular farming community, where agriculture defined residents socially as well as economically, to one in which it was purely a business was now complete.</p><br>
<h3>1923–2000: Preservation and litigation</h3><br>
<p>Change would continue. In the 1950s Sheffield, now one of the largest milk suppliers to New York City, was bought out by the Sealtest conglomerate. Two decades later the railroad, by now the nearly bankrupt Penn Central, ended passenger service along the railroad north of Dover Plains. Freight service continued for another decade, after which the tracks were removed. In 1985 the Ezra Clark House became the first property in Coleman Station to be listed on the National Register. The owners of Hiddenhurst demolished a remaining brick house and carriage house from one of the original farms a few years later, prior to that property&#39;s 1991 listing.</p><br>
<p>Around that time owners of weekend homes and other residents of the area began working for the creation of a historic district around Coleman Station, forming the advocacy group Friends of Coleman Station. Many of them were also concerned about the large-scale composting activities of McEnroe Farms, one of the largest organic farms in the state, which they felt threatened the watershed with potentially toxic runoff from its manure piles and which fouled the air with strong odors. The farm owners and operator feared that historic designation would bring with it local zoning regulations that would limit their activities to an extent that the farm would become less profitable.</p><br>
<p>After the listing on the New York State Register of Historic Places in 1993, the Keeper of the Register at the National Park Service followed with a listing on the National Register two months later. McEnroe successfully petitioned a state court to have the districts creation overturned on the grounds that it was not of sufficient historic importance and that notice of the state designation had been neither timely nor accompanied with written support as required by regulations of the states Historic Preservation Office.</p><br>
<p>The farm also persuaded Judge Robert W. Sweet of the Southern District of New York to void the federal listing as well, alleging violation of the Administrative Procedure Act. A year later, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Sweet. Judge John M. Walker, Jr. wrote for a three-judge panel that both the National Historic Preservation Act and a similar Hawaii case from 1979 gave the Keeper of the Register the authority to act on a listing independently of a state or local body regardless of whether procedural flaws existed in the state process. Nor were McEnroes due process rights violated since the National Register listings only direct effect is to constrain the actions of federal agencies that might affect the listed property.</p><br>
<h3>2000-present: Revitalization</h3><br>
<p>After the creation of the district, Sealtest itself became a brand name of the Canadian conglomerate Agropur. A new agricultural product was added to the district in 1999, when the owners of the Manhattan coffeehouse 71 Irving Place opened a roasting facility in a former carriage house on Reagan Road. They cited the area&#39;s preserved historic character as a major reason for locating there. Since then what is now known as the Irving Farm Coffee Company has expanded both at its original site and to other locations near Millerton. A mother-daughter team has also brought sheep farming back to the district at Dashing Star Farm, the renamed Stephen Wheeler Farm.</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the railroad corridor came into use again when the Harlem Valley Rail Trail was created. Metro-North Railroad restored Harlem Line passenger service to a new Wassaic station, at the rail trails southern end. It continues through the district to the old Millerton station. The former Colemans station site is now used as parking for the bicyclists and walkers who use the trail.</p><br>
<p>Friends of Coleman Station continues to be active in preserving and promoting the district. It works out of a small headquarters on Indian Lake Road with research materials that is open to the public by appointment. It maintains the small Coleman Station Burying Ground and the Diana K. Temple Memorial Garden along the rail trail, with native plants, trees and shrubs. Every year it hosts an annual cleanup of the district, with the occasional house and district tour.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Five properties within the district, all farms or former farms, are listed on the Register in their own right. Some other properties not yet judged historically significant to warrant listings of their own are significant enough to merit special mention within the district.</p><br>
<h3>National Register properties</h3><br>
<p>Oliver Barrett House, Regan and Sheffield Hill roads. Probably built in 1853, perhaps with material from an older house, this frame house near the former station site was remodeled in a late Victorian style, particularly inside, in 1915. It i</p><br>
<p>Ezra Clark House, Mill Road. The only brick farmhouse in the district follows New England building traditions despite the local Dutch influence suggested by the material.</p><br>
<p>Dakin-Coleman Farm, Coleman Station Road. This early 19th century farmhouse at one point divided down the middle and shared by two generations.</p><br>
<p>Hiddenhurst, Sheffield Hill Road. Retired paint mogul Thomas Hidden built this ornate neo-Georgian house for his retirement. It is considered the most architecturally distinctive building in the district.</p><br>
<p>Thomas N. Wheeler Farm, Indian Lake and Taylor roads. Another original 19th century farmhouse, this was later remodeled into more of a village house due to its proximity to the station.</p><br>
<h3>Other properties</h3><br>
<p>Coleman Station Burying Ground, also Oblong Rural Cemetery, Coleman Station Road. Most early residents of the area were buried here. There are approximately 144 stones with the oldest one dating to 1749.</p><br>
<p>Coleman Station site. Southeast corner of Coleman Station Road and Harlem Valley Rail Trail. Now used as parking for rail-trail users.</p><br>
<p>Mutton Hill, Sharon Station Road. In 1865 this former farmhouse became the first country house in the future district.</p><br>
<p>Old Indian Lake Road, along east side of rail trail between Coleman Station Road and present junction of Indian Lake and Taylor roads. The remaining roadbed of the original route prior to the construction of the railroad.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler-Collins Farm, Coleman Station Road. Among the ten contributing resources here is the 1771 English barn that is the district&#39;s oldest building.</p><br>
<p>Ashton Villa is a fully restored, historic home located on the corner of 24th and Broadway in Galveston, Texas, United States. Constructed in 1859, it was one of the first brick structures in Texas built by slaves.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On January 7, 1859, Colonel James Moreau Brown, a prominent hardware merchant and banker, purchased four lots at the corner of 24th and Broadway in Galveston, on which to build a home. Referencing architectural pattern books current at the time, he modified several plans to design his future home. Using slave labor and European craftsmen, Brown proceeded to build one of the first brick structures in Texas.</p><br>
<p>The three-story house was built in Victorian Italianate style, with deep eaves, long windows and ornate verandas that were topped by lintels made of cast iron. The brick walls were made thirteen inches thick, to help protect against humidity and add strength to the structure. The interior of the home was laid out and designed around a central hall floor plan. Brown&#39;s wife, Rebecca Ashton, named the home in honor of one of her ancestors, Lt. Isaac Ashton, a hero in the USA Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>When the American Civil War began in 1861, the home became the headquarters for the Confederate Army and served in that capacity for the entire war, except for a brief period in the fall of 1862. In the fall of 1862, Galveston was surrendered to the Union Army, which made Ashton Villa their headquarters. The Union&#39;s occupation was short lived, however, as Galveston was re-taken by the Confederates during the Battle of Galveston in January 1863.</p><br>
<h4>End of the War</h4><br>
<p>Despite the Confederacys official surrender on April 9, 1865, the news was slow to spread in the far reaches of Confederate states, such as Texas and over a month from Lees official surrender, the Battle of Palmito Ranch was fought on May 12 and 13, 1865. The fighting occurred on the banks of the Rio Grande east of Brownsville, Texas on the Texas-Mexico border. It took approximately another two weeks for Confederate Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner to surrender his command of the Trans-Mississippi Department (which included Texas) to Union Major General Peter J. Osterhaus on May 26, 1865.</p><br>
<p>On Monday, June 19, 1865, Union Major General Gordon Granger and 2,000 federal troops arrived in Galveston, Texas, to take possession of the department of Texas and enforce the emancipation of its slaves. It is reported that Granger&#39;s men marched through Galveston reading General Order No. 3 first at Union Army Headquarters at the Osterman Building (formerly at the location of Strand Street and 22nd Street, since demolished), the 1861 Custom House and courthouse before marching to the Negro Church on Broadway, since renamed Reedy Chapel-AME Church. The order informed all Texans that, in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves were free.</p><br>
<p>Although many claims have been made to Ashton Villas central role in the original 1865 pronouncement, no extant historical evidence supports such assertions. On June 21, 2014, the Galveston Historical Foundation and Texas Historical Commission erected a Juneteenth plaque where the Osterman Building once stood signifying the location of Major General Grangers Union Headquarters and subsequent issuance of General Order No. 3. On June 19, 2006, a statue of Al Edwards, named "Unknown Legislator" was dedicated on the grounds of Ashton Villa during the annual prayer breakfast and celebration begun by Edwards in 1979, and hosted annually on the grounds of Ashton Villa every Juneteenth. The 9-foot tall statue of the Democratic State Representative from Houston, originally intended for the state capitol grounds in Austin, Texas is depicted holding up the piece of 1979 legislation making Juneteenth a paid Texas State holiday. The proclamatory pose of the statue evokes the very proclamation the holiday is meant to honor. Edwards annual prayer breakfast and celebration, first held in 1979, take place every Juneteenth at Ashton Villa and include a reading of the 1862 Emancipation Proclamation and 1865 General Order No. 3 (with a local historian portraying Major General Granger addressing the crowd from the homes balcony). Despite Edwards death from natural causes on April 29, 2020, the prayer breakfast and memorial celebration at Ashton Villa continued with the late legislators son, Jason Edwards, speaking in his place.</p><br>
<h4>Juneteenth</h4><br>
<p>June 19 has since become known as Juneteenth, a portmanteau of the words June and nineteenth.</p><br>
<p>Former slaves in Galveston rejoiced in the streets with jubilant celebrations. Juneteenth celebrations began in Texas the following year. Across many parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land specifically for their communities increasingly large Juneteenth gatherings — including Houstons Emancipation Park, Mexia&#39;s Booker T. Washington Park, and Emancipation Park in Austin.</p><br>
<h3>1900 storm</h3><br>
<p>Brown died in 1895, just five years before the 1900 hurricane devastated Galveston. However the house, with its thick brick walls, managed to withstand the storms winds and infamous storm surge, while serving as shelter to Browns widow and children. In the storm&#39;s aftermath and grade raising of the city, its basement was filled in with sand, and the surrounding grounds were topped with two feet of soil.</p><br>
<h3>Recent</h3><br>
<p>The home was sold in 1927 to the El Mina Shrine masonic order. Making very little change to the building, the house served as their business offices and meeting hall until 1970, at which point it was put up for sale. Under the threat of demolition, the Galveston Historical Foundation raised $125,000 (~$ in ) to purchase Ashton Villa. With additional funding from local foundations and the government, the process of restoring and refurnishing the historic house began. Much of the original furniture and art was able to be retrieved. On July 25, 1974, the Galveston Historical Foundation opened the property to the public to serve as a House Museum, visitors center, and a place for special functions.</p><br>
<p>The first floor was submerged under more than 18 inches of water in 2008 during Hurricane Ike and was recently restored. The Villa is no longer open for public tours, but the first floor is available for private bookings.</p><br>
<p>Ashton Villa is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>C.G. Meaker Food Company Warehouse, in Syracuse, New York, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 26, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The building was deemed significant as an "excellent local example of an early Modern poured-in-place concrete building." It was planned during economic prosperity of the 1920s, but not completed until depression year 1930, in perhaps somewhat scaled-back form. It is located on Erie Boulevard, which into the 1920s was the route of the Erie Canal, and later was route of railroads.</p><br>
<p>In May, 2016, a certified historic rehabilitation was completed. The building is now home to 33 residential apartments and first-floor commercial space.</p><br>
<p>The National Exchange Hotel  is located in Nevada City in the USA state of California. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and a California Historical Landmark, it is one of the oldest continuously operated hotels west of the Rockies. It opened in August 1856 under the name of "Bicknell Block".</p><br>
<p>In 1863, there was a fire and the hotel was shut down for a temporary period of time. By 1894, a new balcony had been added to the hotel (pictured). At a civic affair in San Francisco a Nevada City businessman, John J. Jackson, claimed that a meeting that took place in 1898 at the National Hotel was the creation of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. In 2012, the hotel was the subject of an episode of Ghost Adventures.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Raphael De Lamar House is a mansion at 233 Madison Avenue at the corner of 37th Street in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The house, currently the Consulate General of Poland, New York City, was built in 1902–1905 and was designed by C. P. H. Gilbert in the Beaux-Arts style. The De Lamar Mansion marked a stark departure from Gilbert&#39;s traditional style of French Gothic architecture and was instead robustly Beaux-Arts, heavy with rusticated stonework, balconies, and a colossal mansard roof. The mansion is the largest in Murray Hill, and one of the most spectacular in the city; the interiors are as lavish as the exterior.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Raphael De Lamar was a Dutch-born merchant seaman who made his first fortune in mining and metallurgy during the 1870s-80s silver-lead rushes to Colorado and Idaho, and 1890s gold strikes at Mercur, Utah and Delamar, Idaho. He had this residence built as his entrée into New York society. It was to be a family residence, but soon after it was built De Lamar and his wife divorced. The 1910 census taker found De Lamar in residence with his daughter Alice, by then 15, and nine servants, a typical ratio for the time. De Lamar died eight years later in 1918 at the age of 75. His obituary in The Boston Daily Globe described him as a "man of mystery" and an accomplished organist. He left an estate worth $29 million (equal to $ in ) to his daughter, who continued living in the house for a short time before moving to an apartment at 740 Park Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was sold to the American Bible Society. In 1923 the National Democratic Club purchased it for its headquarters.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Republic of Poland bought the mansion for $900,000 (equal to $ in ) to house its Consulate General in New York. The interior has been thoroughly cleaned and renovated and retains all of its many period features. Since 2008 the consulate has also been regularly illuminated at night.</p><br>
<p>The De Lamar Mansion was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1975, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Williams-Harrison House, also known as the Harrison House, is located at 126 Eagle Rock Avenue in the borough of Roseland in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey  program in 1936. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1979, for its significance in agriculture, architecture, industry, law, and politics.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Williams-Harrison House was built around 1824 by Amos Williams, Jr. after purchasing 98 acres from the estate of Adonijah Edison. The property was later reduced to a seven-acre family farm with livestock, chicken coops, fruit trees, a vegetable garden and outhouses used for the practice of tanning and shoemaking. It is an example of rural Federal architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Bloomfield Green Historic District is a 100 acre historic district located in the township of Bloomfield in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. It encompasses Bloomfield Green, a 4 acre park. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 20, 1978, for its significance in architecture, community planning, education, military history, and religion.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the Bloomfield Presbyterian Church, the Church on the Green, started in 1797. It was designed by architect Samuel Ward with Federal architectural style and built using red sandstone. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) in 1936. The Church of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic church, was built from 1890 to 1892. Designed by ecclesiastical architect Jeremiah O&#39;Rourke and built with colored brick, it features Romanesque Revival style. The Westminster Presbyterian Church, built from 1890 to 1892, features Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. It is now the Westminster Art Center at Bloomfield College.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Franklin Coppess House, built in 1882, is a historic Queen Anne and Stick-Eastlake style house located at 209 Washington Street in Greenville, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>This historic residence is made more beautiful by the extraordinary flower gardens planted expertly by the current resident- accenting the property and period structures (gazebo/pavilion) within. Definitely worth driving by in May 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Featuring an unusually detailed Stick-Eastlake brick facade, the Coppess House is a T-shaped building that is supported by a stone foundation; the roof is asphalt, and minor elements of stone are also visible. A large enclosed porch and a veranda wrap around the "lower" portion of the "T", which faces the street, while above and behind the porch, placed at the base of the "T", sits a large bay window. The porch is among the most significant components of the building, due to elements such as exquisitely detailed arches formed of tiny spindles, which sprout from columns meant to resemble massive table legs; one must walk under one such arch to use the porchs main entrance, located on one of its corners, and three more such arches are placed on the front and on the side to either side of the entrance. Small gables are placed over the porchs main entrance and a subsidiary one, decorated with small sculptures, both carven and molded.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>In 1978, the Coppess House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture; it is one of two such houses on Washington Street, along with the Leftwich House elsewhere in the same block. As well as its distinctive porch, the house is historically significant because of a bathroom — it is believed to have been the first Greenville building with a flush toilet. Its builder, Benjamin Coppess, was a farmer and local government official in Darke County and the grandson of one of the county&#39;s earliest pioneers.</p><br>
<p>The Anna Beir House, built in 1865 by Conrad Beir, is a historic two-story redbrick house located at 214 East 4th Street in Greenville, Ohio. Miss Anna Beir was a longtime art teacher in Greenville, who devised the house to the city of Greenville upon her death in the 1930s. It was used by the Greenville Art Guild for many years until a fire in the 1970s. A gallery in the Greenville Carnegie Library is named for Miss Beir. On April 11, 1977, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>When he built the house, Conrad Beir was simultaneously serving as the pastor of the German Methodist Church in Greenville and in business as a tailor. His daughter Anna was born in the house in 1873, and it remained her residence until her death in 1939. The house is a plain brick structure built in a simple rectangular shape, two stories tall; the gabled facade is divided into three bays. Set on a stone foundation, the brick house is topped with a metal roof and features miscellaneous stone elements; it is typical of middle-class residences of the period. For much of her life, Beir was a prominent educator; her thirty-six-year tenure in the city schools gave her a high reputation both locally and in the wider region. Although multiple colleges attempted to win her away, her dedication to Greenville and her influence on the city&#39;s residents prompted her to decline all such requests in favor of remaining with her native city.</p><br>
<p>The Avery Homestead is a two-story Colonial-style home in Ledyard, Connecticut that was built circa 1696. Evidence suggests that the house may have begun as a single-story, one-room house and later expanded to a two-story, two-room house by 1726. The house underwent major additions and renovations by Theophilus Avery and later his grandson, Theophilus Avery. In the mid-1950s, Amos Avery began a decade-long restoration effort to return the house to its 18th-century appearance. The Avery Homestead is historically significant as a well-preserved example of an 18th-century farmhouse with fine craftsmanship. The home is also historically important because more than twelve generations of the Avery family have resided there over the course of three centuries. The Avery Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Avery Homestead is located on the west side of Ledyard, Connecticut and faces south on Avery Hill Road. The house overlooks 100 acre of stone-walled pasture land that extends south to Stoddards Wharf Road. The two-story house has a shed to the immediate east and a two-story barn to the southeast. Past the barn is a farm pond that is located in a small valley formed by Billings-Avery Brook. The brook extends west for a mile (about 1.6 km) before joining the Thames River.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Avery Homestead is a two-story Colonial-style house that is believed to have been originally constructed around 1696. The main block of the house is built in the double cube of the Georgian style. It is unknown if the house originally began as a one-room one-story house with the original structure having been on the current east-end of the main block. The expansion and alteration of houses in this way was common in Ledyard and tool markings and different fenestration patterns are supporting evidence for this theory. The strongest evidence is the pitsaw marks found on the chimney girts in the hall and parlor, exposed framing and sheathing has markings consistent with a water-powered up-and-down saw. It is certain that the house had achieved its two-story and two-room appearance by 1726 due to its parlor being used as a meeting room for church services. Further evidence in the construction of the fireplace flues which indicates that the main block of the house was completed prior to the American Revolution. Around 1780, the main house was extended by 5 ft in the rear during a two-story addition that gives the house a slight saltbox appearance. This changes were made while under the ownership of Theophilus Avery. Around 1870, under the ownership Theophilus Avery&#39;s grandson, also Theophilus Avery, the original kitchen ell was removed from the building and became a separate building to the east of the house. The new and present ell that was constructed served as an open shed until 1965 when it was converted to a shop and office.</p><br>
<p>The framing of the house is unusual because it has "longitudinal summer beams extending from the end girts to the chimney girts in both the hall and the parlor. Corner and intermediate posts are flared in gunstock pattern. The walls are sheathed with vertical planking except in the attic gables, where the planks are laid horizontally, alternating the taper. Framing is cased in the parlor and exposed in the hall, where the summers are adzed and roughly chamfered." The attic construction is conventional with equally spaced rafters that have mortise and tenon joints at the ridge. This type of construction indicates that the conventional principal rafter or purlin framing may not have been used in Ledyard during that time.</p><br>
<p>The low granite block foundation of the house is more exposed on the west side of the house, allowing for a full-height door exiting from the cellar. The stone stack supports four fireplaces that each support the hall, hall chamber, parlor and the cellar. Also there is a smoke chamber in the stack in the attic. The original kitchen, now in the hall, features a large fireplace with bake oven in the rear wall of the firebox. The attic once housed a large loom that was later moved down to the west side of the cellar. Amos G. Avery, who owned and restored the house prior to its 1992 National Register of Historic Places listing, removed an 1871 Victorian balustrade on the front staircase installed by the second Theophilus Avery.</p><br>
<p>The main barn is oriented on a north–south axis and has a conventional bent framing and sheathed with vertical boards. It is believed that the addition of a cupola with a hip roof may have been a later addition to the barn. Photos dating from 1870 confirm its age, but the date of construction for the barn cannot be determined, but it may date from the 18th century. The former ell of the house was converted in a shed and dates to around 1780.</p><br>
<h2>Owners</h2><br>
<p>More than twelve generations of the Avery family have resided in the Avery Homestead. The original house was constructed about 1696 by William Morgan, around the time of his marriage to Margaret Avery. The two were descendants of James Morgan and James Avery respectively. The house passed to Deacon William Morgan Jr. who used the house to conduct church services from 1726, when North Groton became a separate parish, and lasted until the completion of a meetinghouse. Deacon William Morgan Jr. sold the house to John Wood in 1745. Nine years would pass before it would be reacquired by the Avery family in 1754. Theophilus Avery, the first, owned the house from 1757 to 1798. The second Theophilus Avery possessed the house from 1852 to 1880.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, Amos Avery donated 100 acres of land to the Mashantucket Land Trust and kept the surrounding 40 acres. Amos Avery also restored the house to a "more or less" 18th-century appearance through a decade-long restoration effort. The restoration effort began in the mid-1950s when he poked a hole in the ceiling and felt the molding, spurring his desire to see what was underneath. The ceiling was removed and the room was restored and then it moved to the next room. Avery removed plaster off the fireplaces, replaced the wide floor boards and replicated the wainscotting. Upon Amos Avery&#39;s death in July 1998, aged 96, the house passed to his oldest son Edward. Many historical artifacts were put up for auction, including 12 wicker baskets of Mohegan or Pequot origin, which were bid on by the Mashantucket Pequot Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>The Avery Homestead is historically significant as a "rare survival of a late-seventeenth and early eighteenth-century farmstead, a significance enhanced by the exceptional integrity of its rural setting. The picturesque interrelationship of the house, farmyard, and outbuildings, which is set off by the broad sweep of the associated pasture and crop land, is especially evocative of eighteenth-century lifeways." Believed to be the oldest building in Ledyard, the Avery Homestead is marked by its fine craftsmanship and state of preservation. The Avery Homestead is also historically important due to its ties to the Avery family. The Avery family has owned the house for three centuries save for a brief nine-year period, from 1745 to 1754. The Avery Homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Plaque</h2><br>
<p>A historical plaque awarded to Avery indicates that it is the oldest house in Ledyard and states its date from 1720, but evidence suggests it to be older. This plaque was part of a statewide funded campaign by the State of Connecticut for the 350th anniversary of the state&#39;s founding. Disagreements over the program were widespread due to the difficulty in dating the homes by craftsmanship and the lack of documentation to prove it. Ledyard recognized the Avery Homestead because of the documentation possessed by Amos G. Avery.</p><br>
<p>The Felix M. Warburg House is a mansion at 1109 Fifth Avenue, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The house was built from 1907 to 1908 for the German-American Jewish financier Felix M. Warburg and his family. After Warburg&#39;s death in 1937, his widow sold the mansion to a real estate developer. When plans to replace the mansion with luxury apartments fell through, ownership of the house reverted to the Warburgs, who then donated it in 1944 to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. In 1947, the Seminary opened the Jewish Museum of New York in the mansion. The house was named a New York City designated landmark in 1981 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was designed in the Châteauesque style by C. P. H. Gilbert and retains its original facade, characterized by French Gothic details around the windows and on the roof line. In 1993, Kevin Roche constructed an annex to the house in Gilberts style built with stone from the same quarry that supplied the original mansion, replacing an extension built in 1963. The interior of the Warburg House, wholly occupied by the Jewish Museum, has a total floor space of 82,000 ft2. Critical reviews of the original houses architecture have generally been positive, while the extensions, from 1963 and 1993, have had mixed receptions.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Warburg House is located at 1109 Fifth Avenue, on the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue and East 92nd Street, in the Carnegie Hill section of the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The mansions lot measures approximately 102 by. As originally constructed, the house only used 50 ft of its Fifth Avenue frontage; the rest was used as a garden. On the block to the south are several mansions, including the Otto H. Kahn House, James A. Burden House, John Henry Hammond House, and John and Caroline Trevor House. The Warburg House was near the north end of Fifth Avenues Millionaires Row during the early 20th century, and it is one of numerous buildings on Fifth Avenues Museum Mile.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1895, German Jewish banker Felix M. Warburg immigrated to the United States to marry Frieda Schiff, a daughter of Jacob Schiff. In turn, Schiff was the head of the New York–based banking house Kuhn, Loeb & Co., which Warburg had joined as a junior partner in 1897. After their honeymoon, the Warburgs moved into a townhouse at 18 East 72nd Street, a wedding gift to Frieda from her father. The Warburgs had four children by 1907 and, needing space, Frieda purchased a lot at the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 92nd Street from Perry Belmont. At the time, the surrounding section of Fifth Avenue was known as "Millionaires&#39; Row" because of its wealthy residents.</p><br>
<h3>Private residence</h3><br>
<p>To design a new residence on their lot, the Warburgs hired the architect C. P. H. Gilbert, who was at that time building a house for Felixs brother, Paul, and had impressed the family with the mansion he built for Isaac D. Fletcher on Fifth Avenue. In August1907, Gilbert filed plans for the house, which was to cost $260,000. By the next month, workers were excavating the site, and Gilbert had hired Barr, Thaw & Fraser Co. to supply limestone for the mansion. A. J. Robinson & Co. had been hired as the buildings general contractor, and Gilbert was responsible for interior finishes, including furniture. L. Alavoine & Co. and Messrs. William Baumgarten & Co. were awarded the contract for the house&#39;s interior decoration in May 1908.</p><br>
<p>The house was completed in 1908</p><br>
<p>On October 20, 1937, Felix Warburg died of a heart attack in the house. Felix had willed all of the possessions and other objects in the Warburg House to Frieda. She remained in the mansion with a son and relatives who had fled Nazi Germany in the 1930s. The house continued to host events such as a meeting of the National Council of Jewish Women in 1938. Rising property tax as a consequence of nearby development greatly strained the Warburgs&#39; finances; by 1941, the city government had appraised the property as being worth $665,000, of which the land was worth $625,000.</p><br>
<p>Frieda Warburg rented an apartment at 1070 Fifth Avenue in 1940. In May1941, she sold the mansion to developer Henry Kaufman and architect Emery Roth, who intended to redevelop the site into an eighteen-story apartment building. The New York Herald Tribune reported that the house had been sold for less than $225,000. Roth submitted his plans for an apartment house to the New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) in July1941. Work on the site had started by July 27, and Roth and Kaufman had begun purchasing steel and other materials for the new building. However, the developers&#39; plans did not progress further, and Frieda took back control of the house.</p><br>
<h3>Jewish Museum of New York</h3><br>
<p>On January 14, 1944, Frieda Warburg donated the mansion to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS), a Conservative Jewish education organization, to commemorate what would have been Felix Warburgs 73rd birthday. She made the donation in memory of her husband, her father, and her brother Mortimer L. Schiff. Percival Goodman was hired to redesign the mansion, and the JTS filed plans with the DOB to convert the building into a museum in September 1944. The renovations were delayed by World War II and, in December1945, the seminarys president Louis Finkelstein announced that work would start immediately. The first and second stories would each contain two exhibition rooms, while the third story would contain six exhibition rooms. The first story would contain the museum&#39;s lobby, and the music room on the second story would be turned into an auditorium. In January 1946, the Sheppard Pollack Company was hired to renovate the house for $100,000.</p><br>
<p>The JTS opened the Jewish Museum in the mansion in 1947. The museum held a preview of its first exhibit on May 6, 1947, displaying one thousand items on the Warburg House&#39;s first two stories. Two days later, the museum formally opened to the general public. Frieda Warburg said that, when she re-entered the house for the first time after its renovation, "I discovered to my joy that instead of depressing me, it gave me a wonderful feeling of happiness." The museum opened a third exhibition in another story of the house in November 1947. In the two years after it relocated to the Warburg House, the museum had 175,000 visitors; by 1952, it had recorded almost half a million cumulative visitors. Adam List designed a sculpture garden next to the museum, which was dedicated in 1959.</p><br>
<p>The Warburg House&#39;s former lawn was replaced with an annex in 1962. The Jewish Museum was temporarily closed for renovations at the end of that month. The project included installing elevators in the Warburg House and a connection to the new annex. The Albert A. List Building opened in February1963. The wing had 9,000 ft2 of space for exhibitions, workshops, and a store. During the 1960s, following the completion of the List Building, the museum evolved into an exhibition space for modern art.</p><br>
<h4>Preservation</h4><br>
<p>In 1970, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) considered designating the Warburg House a city landmark, which the Jewish Museum successfully opposed. which would require modifications to the Warburg House. The JTS again opposed designation, arguing that it would prevent the museum from modifying the mansion without the LPC&#39;s permission and significantly increase the cost of maintenance. According to the Seminary, the museum had an annual deficit of $200,000, and it needed another $500,000 to perform structural repairs to the Warburg House.</p><br>
<p>More than 1,000 people signed a petition requesting the LPC grant landmark status to the Warburg House. On November 24, 1981, the LPC designated the mansion as a city landmark; the designation excluded the List Building. Subsequently, seven local groups and 70 preservationists formed the Alliance to Preserve the Warburg Mansion, which circulated a petition opposing the tower.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Board of Estimate unanimously ratified the designation in April1982, after the Jewish Museum submitted a modified plan for the tower, but the museum subsequently abandoned its plans for the tower project. The Warburg House was then added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1982.</p><br>
<h4>Expansion</h4><br>
<p>Jewish Museum director Joan Rosenbaum and philanthropist Dorothy Rodgers announced in June1985 that they planned to expand the museum. At the time, the museum had a collection of 14,000 objects, but the Warburg House and the List Building could only accommodate a few hundred objects simultaneously. The museum briefly considered opening a satellite location. The LPC endorsed plans for the annex, which was to be designed in an identical style to the original mansion.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in November1990 and lasted two and a half years. enlarging the museum&#39;s gross floor area from 52300 to 82000 ft2, and moving its main entrance to 92nd Street. The annex was clad with limestone from the quarry that had supplied the original construction. The museum reopened on June 13, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The museum completed a renovation of its third-floor galleries in January2018. The renovation, designed by Tsao & McKown Architects, involved removing a staircase and unsealing some windows that faced west toward Central Park. In the mid-2020s, the galleries on the third and fourth floors were renovated as part of a project that was scheduled to be completed in 2025. In addition, a restaurant named Lox opened in the Warburg House in 2025.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed and built with six floors and a basement in the Châteauesque style, a choice inspired by the Fletcher House (now Sinclair House) at 2 East 79th Street. As the Warburg House was being constructed, Jacob Schiff unsuccessfully tried to convince the Warburgs to build the house in a more classical Palazzo style, as Schiff thought the Châteauesque style was overly ostentatious. The Warburgs&#39; son Edward Warburg said his grandfather only slightly disapproved of the style, contrary to a popular rumor that held that Schiff thought the ornate design would inspire antisemitism.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The exteriors are clad with Indiana limestone. The building has had two facades since 1993, both of which are characterized by a profusion of windows with Gothic ornament. As built in 1908, the 92nd Street elevation of the facade was designed asymmetrically while the Fifth Avenue elevation was symmetrical. On both elevations, the first through fourth stories are clad in limestone. The fifth and sixth stories contain dormer windows that project from a steeply sloped mansard roof, which is clad with slate tiles. The fifth-story windows are surrounded by ornate limestone frames. Art historian E. Wayne Craven noted a similarity of the facade to the Hôtel de Cluny in Paris.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s main entrance is within a projecting frontispiece on 92nd Street, which contains a depressed elliptical arch at ground level, above which is a balcony with a balustrade. According to the Real Estate Record and Guide, a driveway led from 92nd Street to this frontispiece.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<h4>Original house</h4><br>
<p>After entering from 92nd Street, visitors originally passed through a vestibule with an ornamental metal-and-glass screen and door. On the western end of the first floor (facing Central Park), there were two rooms where Warburg displayed etchings and woodcuts on rotating pedestals, in display boxes, and in framed display cases on the walls. There was a grand pipe organ at the rear of the house. Adjacent to the organ, a staircase led to the upper floors. A dumbwaiter in the rear also connected the bedrooms upstairs with the main pantry and serving room downstairs.</p><br>
<p>A music room, with a pipe organ and grand piano, occupied the second floor. The music room had walls decorated with tapestries; wrought iron chandeliers suspended from beams in the ceiling; a fireplace mantel; and some display cases with rare books. Next to the music room was a sitting room known as the Red Room, which was decorated with Italian paintings and had doors that could slide into the walls. The second floor also contained a formal dining room with tapestries, upholstered chairs, and mantelpiece, along with a Gothic-style conservatory, where a small painting of Madonna with Child by Botticelli was displayed. These rooms were all connected with each other. Breakfast rooms and sitting rooms were placed on the third floor. That story also contained Frieda Warburgs boudoir and bedroom, as well as Felix Warburgs dressing room and bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The fourth floor contained the bedrooms of the Warburgs&#39; children. Since 1947, these spaces have been part of the Jewish Museum.</p><br>
<h4>Annex</h4><br>
<p>The Jewish Museums annex, completed in 1993, contains an auditorium with architectural elements preserved from the mansion. These include a partition screen that was once installed near one of the mansions staircases, as well as a dome made of stained glass. Other spaces in the annex include design elements, such as columns and moldings, which are similar to the design details in the original building. The annex also contains exhibition galleries, a bookstore, museum offices, and a reception hall. The upper stories contain more offices, as well as a library, study area, and meeting rooms. The furnishings were provided by Ralph Appelbaum Associates.</p><br>
<h2>Reception</h2><br>
<p>In 1909, after the Warburg House was completed, the Real Estate Record and Guide described the building as one of "a number of palatial residences" along Fifth Avenue. Christopher Gray wrote in 2004 that the mansion resembled the Isaac D. Fletcher House, "although it edges toward a simpler expression, with somewhat less detail". After the List Building was completed in 1963, one guidebook characterized the original mansion and the newer building as "a French chateau with a Miami Beach annex". Shortly after the List Building opened, architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that the two structures had been "joined in a shotgun architectural marriage, but will never speak to each other architecturally". Huxtable wrote in 1979: "I only wish that the Warburg house didnt seem so unloved." The historian Mosette Broderick wrote in 2022 that, though the Warburg House might have been flashy, it also was reminiscent of Gilberts earlier Fletcher House on 79th Street.</p><br>
<p>The 1993 addition, designed by Roche in imitation of Gilbert&#39;s style, had a mixed reception. When the plans for the annex were first announced, members of the Municipal Art Society expressed both satisfaction and displeasure over the new design. Some members praised it as a "modest and appropriate" addition complementing the original mansion, but others said the annex was "unimaginative and does nothing to show the evolution of design in our time". The completed work was favorably received by the general public. However, critics noted that while the annex was not distinguishable from the original building, it "lacked depth". Benjamin Forgey of The Washington Post wrote: "This pleasing if unexciting design is surprising mainly because of who did it", since Roche was better known as a modern architect.</p><br>
